Side effects of imidacloprid, ethion, and hexaflumuron on adult and larvae of honey bee Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

The honey bee is economically significant insect and plays an important role in the pollination of various plants. With regard to widespread use pesticides agricultural lands, bees, as non-target useful insect, inadvertently contact these chemicals. Thus, order evaluate effects some pesticides, toxicity three insecticides from different chemical classes including imidacloprid (0.16 mg a.i./l), ethion (79.47 hexaflumuron (500 a.i./l) on detoxifying enzymes worker bees mortality immature was investigated. These chemicals were selected because they are used globally ingested by bees. sub-lethal concentration reduced activity acetylcholinesterase (AChE) glutathione S-transferase (GST). Exposure concentrations esterase (EST) activities treated larvae increased group compared untreated controls, but this difference not statistically significant. Our results indicate that disrupt physiology thereby reducing efficiency beneficial pollinator. Also, it additional studies be performed investigate larval development.